Coronary Angiography
& Angioplasty

A coronary stent is a tiny mesh tube — usually 2 to 4 mm in diameter — delivered into a narrowed coronary artery on a balloon catheter. The balloon is inflated to crush the plaque against the artery wall and expand the stent, which then holds the artery open after the balloon is removed.

Modern stents are made of cobalt-chromium alloy and coated with a drug that prevents scar tissue from re-narrowing the artery — a drug-eluting stent. Once placed, the stent becomes incorporated into the artery wall within a few weeks. It is not removed — it stays for life.

A well-placed modern drug-eluting stent typically lasts a lifetime in around 90% of patients. The stent itself does not wear out — it becomes permanently embedded in the artery wall.

The exceptions are restenosis (scar tissue regrowing inside the stent, mostly in the first year) and the development of new disease elsewhere in the coronary arteries. Both are minimised by taking medications consistently, controlling cholesterol and blood pressure aggressively, not smoking, and staying physically active. Stent durability is one of the biggest advances in cardiology over the past 20 years.

For a planned (elective) angioplasty performed via the wrist, most patients are home the same day and back to normal light activity within 24 to 48 hours. Driving is usually allowed after a week, and most office workers return to work within a week or two.

Heavy lifting, vigorous exercise and contact sports should be avoided for about a week while the wrist access site heals. After an emergency angioplasty for a heart attack, recovery takes longer — typically 4 to 6 weeks before returning to full activity — and a structured cardiac rehabilitation programme is strongly recommended.

Yes — exercise is one of the most important things you can do after a stent. Most patients can resume walking immediately and build up to moderate aerobic activity within 2 to 4 weeks. After a heart attack, the progression is supervised through a cardiac rehabilitation programme.

Target around 150 minutes of moderate-intensity activity per week — brisk walking, cycling, swimming, gardening — plus two sessions of resistance work. Exercise improves heart function, lowers cholesterol, controls blood pressure and reduces the risk of a future event by around 25%. A properly placed stent does not restrict what you can eventually do.

After a stent you will be on dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) — aspirin plus a second antiplatelet such as clopidogrel, ticagrelor or prasugrel — usually for 6 to 12 months, then aspirin (or a single antiplatelet) for life. These medications prevent clots forming on the stent surface.

You will also typically be prescribed a high-intensity statin regardless of your starting cholesterol level, and often a beta-blocker and an ACE inhibitor, particularly after a heart attack. Stopping antiplatelets early without medical advice is the single biggest preventable cause of stent failure. If you need surgery within the year, always inform the team about your stent. Read more about these medications →

Neither is universally "better" — they are different tools for different patterns of disease. Stenting is less invasive, has a faster recovery, and is excellent for one- or two-vessel disease and for emergency treatment of heart attacks. Bypass surgery (CABG) tends to give more durable results for complex three-vessel disease, particularly in patients with diabetes or significantly impaired heart function.

For most modern patients with single or two-vessel disease, stenting is the first choice. For complex disease, the decision is made by a multidisciplinary heart team — interventional cardiologist plus cardiac surgeon — using the SYNTAX score and the patient's clinical features. The right pathway is the one that best fits your anatomy.

Yes, although it is uncommon with modern drug-eluting stents. In-stent restenosis — scar tissue growing inside the stent — occurs in around 5% of patients in the first year. Stent thrombosis — a sudden clot inside the stent — is rare, occurring in less than 1% of patients per year, and almost always linked to stopping antiplatelet medications too early.

New narrowings can also develop elsewhere in the coronary arteries as the underlying disease progresses — which is why aggressive risk-factor control matters even after a perfect stent result. Recurrent chest pain after a stent always deserves prompt re-evaluation.

FFR (fractional flow reserve) and iFR (instantaneous wave-free ratio) are pressure-wire techniques used during a coronary angiogram to decide whether a narrowing is actually limiting blood flow to the heart muscle. The cardiologist threads a thin wire across the narrowing and measures the pressure drop as a precise number.

This matters because many narrowings look significant on X-ray but are not actually causing ischaemia — and stenting a non-significant lesion adds risk without benefit. FFR and iFR have transformed interventional cardiology over the past 15 years and are now embedded in major international guidelines.

Yes — modern drug-eluting stents have been used for more than 20 years and the long-term safety data are excellent. The first-generation stents had a small late-stent thrombosis signal that is no longer seen with second- and third-generation devices, which use thinner struts and better drug formulations.

Long-term studies show drug-eluting stents are at least as safe as bare-metal stents and significantly better at preventing restenosis. The main long-term risk remains stopping antiplatelet medications early, which is why adherence to your prescribed regimen is so important.

A coronary angiogram is a very safe procedure in experienced hands. Serious complications — heart attack, stroke, major bleeding — occur in around 1 in 1,000 diagnostic angiograms, and slightly more when a stent is also placed.

The commonest minor complications are bruising at the wrist access site and a small reaction to the X-ray dye. Modern radial (wrist) access has roughly halved the bleeding risk compared with the older femoral (groin) approach and is now preferred for most patients. All risks are discussed individually at the time of consent.

Most patients can fly 2 weeks after a planned (elective) stent and 4 weeks after a stent for a heart attack, provided recovery has been straightforward. Some airlines require a medical clearance certificate after a cardiac procedure — always check before booking.

For long-haul flights, the additional concern is deep vein thrombosis from prolonged immobility. Stay hydrated, walk the aisle every couple of hours, use compression stockings if you are at higher DVT risk, and never stop your antiplatelet medications without speaking to your cardiologist first.

For most heart attacks — particularly the more serious type called STEMI — emergency stenting (primary PCI) is the gold-standard treatment and dramatically reduces death and heart muscle damage compared with medications alone. The UK has invested heavily in 24/7 primary PCI networks for exactly this reason.

Some smaller heart attacks (NSTEMI) can be managed initially with medications and have angiography within 72 hours rather than immediately. Stable angina, by contrast, is often best managed with medications first and angioplasty reserved for those who continue to have symptoms despite treatment. The right strategy depends on the type and severity of the event.